“The scope of people’s ignorance is often invisible to them. This meta-ignorance (or ignorance of ignorance) arises because lack of expertise and knowledge often hides in the realm of the “unknown unknowns” or is disguised by erroneous beliefs and background knowledge that only appear to be sufficient to conclude a right answer.” — David Dunning

People who know the least seem to be the most confident in their knowledge.

Facts

• We don’t know what we don’t know.
• We frequently overestimate our own abilities.
• We’re not good at evaluating ourselves accurately.

Actions

Be humble. There are many people of questionable intelligence who believe they are mentally superior to the majority.