從二極體到光譜 — 擺脫二元論的思維

二極體的特性是只有兩極，就像世間事物常被簡化為對與錯、黑與白、是與非。然而，世界並不是如此非黑即白地簡單。如果可以那倒輕鬆了些。

但事實上，世事更像一條光譜。

正如股癌在《灰階思考》中所提到的: 「零到一之間，有無限個數字；黑與白之間，也有無限個灰階。」

這種思考方式提醒我們，絕大多數問題其實存在更多層次與可能性，值得我們跳脫二元框架，以更開放的視角探索世界的多樣性與複雜性。

“There are no differences but differences of degree between different degrees of difference and no difference.” — William James

He’s highlighting that all distinctions we make are relative and lie on a spectrum. There’s rarely a true binary (either/or); most things are more or less, not/not-at-all, slightly/somewhat/extremely different rather than entirely different.
This idea aligns with James’ pragmatism, where the value or truth of a concept comes from its practical effect, and where sharp boundaries are often illusions created by language or perception.
In short, William James is pointing out that apparent differences (even between difference and no difference) are usually quantitative, not qualitative—and our perception of sharp boundaries is often an illusion.